Objective To establish the mosquito vector surveillance capacity in Freetown, Sierra Leone, and to investigate local mosquito density, geographical distribution, population characteristics, and seasonal fluctuations. Methods A total of nine zones were selected as mosquito surveillance sites in the western urban and rural areas of Freetown, Sierra Leone, with at least one site in each of residential areas, general working institutions, hospitals, and livestock sheds, and mosquito trap lamps were used for surveillance. Each surveillance site had 2-4 mosquito trap lamps, which were fixed in an outdoor place protected from wind, rain, and light at about 1.5 meters above the ground. The mosquito trap lamps were placed at 1 hour before sunset and the net was collected at 1 hour after sunrise in the next morning. Then the collected mosquitoes were classified by morphological characteristics in the laboratory. Mosquito surveillance was conducted once a week from June 26, 2019 to December 31, 2019. Excel 2007 software was used for the statistical analysis of mosquito vector surveillance data. Results A total of 3 012 mosquitoes were collected, among which Culex mosquitoes accounted for 84.86% and was the dominant mosquito genus in Freetown. Compared with the western urban areas, the western rural areas had significantly higher mean total mosquito density (5.01 mosquitoes/trap·night vs 3.87 mosquitoes/trap·night), mean Anopheles density (1.28 mosquitoes/trap·night vs 0.12 mosquitoes/trap·night), and composition ratio of Anopheles (1.14%-44.53% vs 0.72%-11.90%). Seasonal fluctuations of mosquito density showed that in Freetown, high mosquito density was observed during the alternate period of dry and rainy seasons in late June and early July and during the alternate period of rainy and dry seasons in late October and early November, and the lowest mosquito density was observed in late August. In addition, the seasonal fluctuation trend of Anopheles density was consistent with that of total mosquito density. A comparative analysis of different habitats showed that the livestock sheds with poor environmental sanitation and more mosquito breeding sites had a higher mosquito density (10.40 mosquitoes/trap·night), followed by residential areas (4.45 mosquitoes/trap·night) and general working institutions (2.80 mosquitoes/trap·night), and the hospitals with better environmental sanitation and fewer breeding sites had the lowest mosquito density (1.21 mosquitoes/trap·night). Conclusion The risk of mosquito bite and malaria infection in the western rural area is higher than that in the western urban area. The alternate periods from the dry season to the rainy season and from the rainy season to the dry season are important periods for the prevention and control of mosquito vectors and their infectious diseases (including malaria). Sierra Leone needs to further strengthen the management of mosquito breeding sites.