Objective To investigate the population composition, density, and seasonal variation of vectors in Hubei province, China, in 2018, and to provide scientific evidence for vector control. Methods The night trap method was used to capture rodents in odd months during January to December; mosquitoes were captured using the light trap method, Breteau index method, and double net method from April to October; flies were caught using the cage trapping method from April to October; the sticky trap method was used to capture cockroaches in odd months during January to December. Results In 2018, the rodent capture rate in Hubei province was 0.36%, and Rattus tanezumi was the dominant species; the density of rats in rural villages and special industries was slightly higher than that in the urban residential areas. The result of mosquito light trap surveillance showed that the mean density of mosquitoes was 12.44 mosquitoes/lamp·night, and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus was the dominant species; the density of mosquitoes in livestock sheds was significantly higher than that in other habitats. The density of flies was 2.55 flies/cage, and Musca domestica was the dominant species; farmers' markets had the highest fly density (3.95 flies/cage). The mean density of cockroaches was 0.53 cockroaches/trap, and the infestation rate was 7.64%; Blattella germanica was the dominant species; farmers' markets had the highest cockroach density (1.93 cockroaches/trap) and infestation rate (14.44%). Rodents and cockroaches were active throughout the year, and mosquitoes and flies maintained a relatively high density level from May to September. Conclusion The densities of main vectors in Hubei province were at a low level in 2018. The sensitivity of surveillance systems and the level of monitoring, forecasting, and early warning should be continuously improved in the future, so as to provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of vectors in Hubei province.