Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of the first indigenous dengue cases in Jiangxi province, China, to evaluate the efficacy of the prevention and control strategies, and to provide a basis for the prevention and control of dengue fever. Methods The information of the first indigenous dengue cases in Jiangxi province from September to October, 2017 was collected for descriptive analyses. Serum samples of the cases and Aedes albopictus larvae were collected for the detection of viral nucleic acids. Serum samples of healthy people in the core area were collected for IgG antibody detection. The results of mosquito prevention and elimination were evaluated by Breteau index (BI) and the double mosquito net method. Results The three dengue patients were all infected with dengue virus type Ⅱ. The time interval between onsets of fever was 17 days. None of them had travel history. A total of about 1 000 Ae. albopictus larvae samples were tested and turned out to be negative. In the core area, 3.00% of the healthy people were positive for dengue IgG. After the elimination of adult mosquitoes and breeding sources in the core area and the warning area, BI decreased from 22.43 at the first surveillance to 0.98 at the ninth surveillance; the mean biting index was controlled no higher than 2 mosquitoes/person·hour in the core area. Conclusion The outbreak is the first indigenous dengue infection in Jiangxi province. It has been effectively controlled by appropriate epidemic management.