Objective To understand species, population density and seasonal fluctuations of cockroaches in human habitats and surroundings in China and provide the avenue for prevention and control of cockroaches. Methods The surveillance data of cockroaches by sticky paper traps from 45 national surveillance sites were collected between 2006 and 2015. The species composition, density and seasonal and annual fluctuations of different species of cockroaches in different habitats, province were compared. Results Percentage of Blattella germanica was 95.64%, its density was 0.86 cockroaches per paper and was the highest in all 5 monitored habitats; Periplaneta americana was the second. The densities and infestation rates of cockroaches in catering and on farm produce markets were similar and were the highest. The density was 1.53 and 1.46 cockroaches per paper in catering and on farm produce markets, respectively and the infestation rate was 19.41% and 18.89%, respectively. The density and the infestation rate in hospital were all the lowest. Blattella germanica has the same rankings in different habitats as the total density of cockroaches, but P. americana was different and the highest in density on farm produce markets. Overall, density and the infestation rate were all decreasing since 2006, but then increasing since 2014 and 2013, respectively. Blattella germanica, P. americana and total cockroaches had same annual fluctuation of density. Density in most of provinces was lower than 1.50 cockroaches per paper. Sichuan province was 3.19 and was the highest. Infestation rate in most of provinces was lower than 20%. Shanxi and Hainan province were the highest and higher than 30%. There was a single peak in September and in October, respectively, during the seasonal fluctuation of density and infestation rate of total cockroaches. The seasonal fluctuations of B. germanica and total cockroach was similar, but P. americana was different, and there was a single peak from June to September. The seasonal fluctuation of density and infestation rate of total cockroaches in different habitats were generally single peaked. There was another peak of infestation rate in February on farm produce markets, hotel and hospital. Conclusion Blattella germanica was the only predominant cockroach species in human habitats and surroundings in China. The density of cockroaches generally decreased since 2006. However, it increased since 2014. Therefore surveillance can't be overlooked. More attentions should be paid on cockroach control in catering and on farm produce markets, for density in those habitats was higher than in other habitats. As a whole the density and infestation rate peaked in August, September and October. It is necessary to control cockroaches before the peak appears.