Objective To understand the epidemic situation of human brucellosis in Bay county in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang), China in 2015 and provide the scientific basis for controlling human brucellosis in the future. Methods The data of human brucellosis were collected from all 16 towns in Bay county which had serological examination in persons with clinical symptoms and contact history from February 23 to September 18, 2015. The positive rate was compared with Chi square test. Results Serological detection was performed on 920 samples, of which 125 samples produced positive results (serum test positive rate 13.59%), the average prevalence was 12.93%, and the asymptomatic infection rate was 0.65%. Bulong and Yatur township prevalence rates were 37.50% and 33.33% respectively. The positive rate of serological test in males was 15.68%, higher than that in females 10.41% (χ²=5.198,P=0.023). The positive rates of serological test in students, herdsmen and farmers were 18.42%, 14.47%, and 14.17% respectively. Conclusion The high positive rate of serological test for brucellosis in Bay county warrants attention by the local government and the administrative departments of health. The emphases of infection populations were students, young farmers and herdsmen occupational groups, so we should carry out extensive health education about knowledge of brucellosis prevention, focusing on local schools and agricultural and pastoral areas to strengthen prevention and control measures.