Objective To understand species, population density,and seasonality of rodents in human habitats and surroundings in China and provide the avenue for risk assessment, prevention and control of rodents and rodent-borne diseases. Methods The surveillance data of rodents by snap traps from 41 national surveillance sites were collected between 2006 and 2015. The species composition, density, and seasonal as well as annual fluctuations of different species of rodents in different habitats, provinces were compared. Results Percentage of Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus together was 77.91%; density of R. norvegicus was 0.59 rodents per 100 snaps per night and was the highest, and M. musculus was the second and density was 0.23. As a whole, the density of rodents was decreasing from 2006 to 2015. The density of rodents from villages in the countryside was the highest, followed by that from the specific habitats such as food processing facilities, restaurants, granaries, etc. For each species, the density was highest in villages. Density of M. musculus in villages was obviously higher than those in the other two monitored habitats. Density in Hainan province was 3.00 and was the highest; the second was in Jilin, and third in Hubei province. There was a mild peak among the seasonal fluctuations of total rodents. The higher density was from March to October. There were two peaks during the seasonal fluctuation of R. tanezumi. Each species had different curve of seasonal fluctuation. Conclusion Rattus norvegicus and M.musculus were the predominant rodent species in human habitats and surroundings in China. The density of rodent was decreasing since 2006, but surveillance can——t be slackened. More attentions should be paid on rodent control in villages in the rural areas, for the density of rodent was higher in this kind of habitats. There was no obvious peak density during the seasonal fluctuation of rodents. The seasonal fluctuations of every species in different habitats and in different year were different. So, it was necessary to choose a best-use control program based on surveillance of rodents.