Objective By monitoring disease vectors to grasp their community structure, density and seasonal fluctuation, and provide scientific data for prevention and control of vector-borne infectious diseases. Methods The disease vector surveillance was carried out in 17 cities and counties in 2015. Rodents and cockroaches were respectively monitored with traps set at night and glue traps; mosquitoes and flies were respectively monitored with mosquito lamps and cage traps. After data collection, SPSS 16.0 and Excel 2003 software were used to carry out the statistical analysis. Results Rodent density of the year was 1.05%, the highest rodent density was in villages. Mosquito density was 1.95 per lamp hour, the highest mosquito density was in livestock sheds. Fly density was 2.13 per cage, the highest fly density was in farmers' markets. Cockroach density was 0.22 per glue trap, the highest cockroach density was in farmers' markets and restaurant. The predominant species were Rattus norvegicus, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Musca domestica, and Blattella germanica, respectively. The species composition of rodents, mosquitoes, flies, cockroaches all have statistical significance in different habitats. Conclusion The community structure and seasonal fluctuation of vectors in Hubei province were preliminarily known, control measures should be taken depending on the situation.