Objective To provide the basis for development of the prevention and control strategies by analysis of Japanese encephalitis (JE) epidemiological characteristics, dynamic change trend and comprehensive monitoring results in Hunan province. Methods Using descriptive epidemiological method, analysis the epidemiological characteristics of JE of Hunan province from 1951 to 2013; Analysis of the monitoring data of mosquito vectors and host animal in JE surveillance point by using SPSS 13 statistical software; ELISA assay was conducted for detection of serum JE IgG antibody in the host animals. Results From 1951 to 2013 in Hunan province, the epidemic of JE experienced rising, epidemic, stable, declining and low level periods, the incidence rate maintained at a low level; The onset time mainly concentrated in June to August. The incidence concentrated in the young age group, 0 to 14 year old age group accounted for 98.11% of cases. The cases mainly distributed in the western and southern of Hunan province. In the monitoring of cases, ones with no / unknown history of immunity accounted for 66.89%. Culex tritaeniorhynchus was the predominant species, its density and reservoir host (pig) infection and epidemic of JE were positively related. The antibody conversion rate reached 50.00% in pigs one month earlier before the onset peak in humans. Conclusion The JE epidemic in Hunan province may be controlled by improving JE vaccination coverage, strengthening the monitoring of vectors and host animals, and eliminate mosquitoes breeding habitats.