Objective Through the comparison and analysis of efficacy between streptomycin administered alone or in combination with ciprofloxacin to treat human plague cases in Qinghai province, to seek new solution for bubonic plague cases. Methods Plague cases were retrospectively analyzed by gathering case data such as age, disease type, the amount of streptomycin, streptomycin treatment time as targets,compared and analyzed the efficacy between streptomycin alone or jointly used treatment for the past human plague cases. SPSS 10.0 was used to do the related statistics analysis. Results Individual and joint application of streptomycin for bubonic plague in terms of amount of streptomycin and treatment time had statistically significant difference. As to the pneumonic plague however, there was significant difference. Conclusion Streptomycin in combination with ciprofloxacin could reduce the amount of streptomycin and treatment time for the bubonic plague, but the treatment's effect on pneumonic plague was not obvious.