Objective To investigate the community structure and seasonal fluctuation of rodents involved in hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Wenzhou, China and to provide a scientific justifications for the prevention and control of rodents and rodent-borne diseases.Methods Rodents were captured, classified, and indentified by night traps at surveillance sentinels from 2005 to 2010 to investigate their community structure and seasonal fluctuation. The HFRS incidence data of Wenzhou during 2005-2010 were collected.Results A total of 390 rodents were captured by night traps from indoors and outdoors in Wenzhou from 2005 to 2010. Among all the four species of rodents captured,Rattus norvegicusand Mus musculuswere predominant, accounting for 54.36% and 33.33% of all rodents, respectively. The annual average rodent densities (capture rate) were 1.28%, 1.11%, 0.86%, 0.88%, 0.96%, and 0.80%, respectively, with an overall mean density of 0.98%. Rodents appeared throughout the year, but the peak period was from June to August. The incidence of HFRS showed no seasonality. The number of HFRS cases dropped with decreasing annual average rodent density. No significant correlation was found between the seasonality in rodent density and the incidence of HFRS (r＝-0.066,P＝0.840).Conclusion The rodent density in Wenzhou was on a low level, and dropped from 2005 to 2010. However, there were occasional reports of HFRS cases. It is important to strengthen surveillance and early warning of rodents in Patriotic Health Campaign to prevent the harm of rodents and rodent-borne diseases.