Objective To investigate the population composition and seasonality of rodent populations in different habitats in Anhui province, China, and to provide a scientific basis for the control of rodents.Methods The night trapping method was used to monitor rodent densities at three randomly selected sites, one in rural village, one in special industrious site, and one in residential community.Results A total of 104 rodents were captured in 2011, with an average density (captue rate) of 0.49%. Of all rodents, the dominant species wereMus musculus(66.35%) and Rattus norvegicus(30.77%). The rural village had the highest rodent density, followed by residential community and special industrious site. The seasonality of rodent densities in general and in different habitats all followed a three-peak trend, with the first peak in March, the second between May and June, and the third between August and October.Conclusion The population composition and seasonality of rodents have been basically understood. It is recommended that integrated rodent control should be carried out, and that long-term monitoring, early warning,and prevention of rodents and rodent-borne diseases should be strengthened according to the rodent habitats and their seasonality.