Objective Community composition of rodents was investigated in different habitats in Wulan county,Qinghai province,to primarily know whether Rattus norvegicus imported into west of Qinghai along the first project of Qinghai-Xizang Railway which is from Xining to Ge'ermu in Qinghai province,so as to provide basic evidence for future study of rodents species shift. Methods Rodents were captured with snap trap and live trap in different habitats of Wulan county,and then species were identified. Results Totally,1002 snap traps and 746 live traps were used and 168 small mammals were captured,of which 7 were pika ( Ochotona thomasi) and others were rodents belonging to 8 species: Cricetulus longicaudatus, Mus musculus, Microtuss oeconomus, Meriones meridianus, Allactaga sibirica, Phodopus roborovskii, Apodemus latronum, Myospalax fontanierii. In the residential area of the town, M.musculus was the dominant species; while in the farmland and forest nursery, C.longicaudatus and M.meridianus were more popular. The density of rodents in steppe was the lowest in all habitats. No R.norvegicus was found in residential areas and farmland around the town investigated. Conclusion There is no nature population of R.norvegicus in Wulan county of Qinghai province more than 20 years after the first project of Qinghai-Xizang Railway was open to traffic. More studies and long term surveillance should be done to confirm whether R.norvegicus will invade into the central area of Qinghai-Tibet plateau.

Objective To develop techniques to monitor the resistance of commensal rodents with blood clotting response(BCR) test. Methods Buff-breasted rats Rattus flavipectus were sampled from suburbs of Zhanjiang,Guangdong province,where higher resistance to bromadiolone had been documented previously. Results With non-alternative feeding tests,the upper limit of 95% effective dose of the wild population was proposed as discrimination dose(4.0 mg/kg) to discriminate the resistant buff-breasted rat form susceptible ones according to the method appraised by European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization(OEPP/EPPO,1995). And then,effects of bromadiolone at 4.0 mg/kg body weight on the blood clotting response of buff-breasted rat were studied. Results showed that the discrimination dose droved the percentage clotting activity(PCA) distribution pattern changed form one peak type of pre-treatment whole population into double peaks type,which one peak stand for resistant individuals which would survive within 20 d for their PCA range from 10-100,and the other peak should be susceptible individuals which would die in the following days for their PCA less than 10,which indicated the consistence of BCR method and non-alternative feeding test in monitoring the resistance of buff-breasted rat. Furthermore,both resistant and susceptible individuals decreased their PCA in the following days,while PCA of resistant individuals only decreased to 17% of normal level and soon increased to normal level within 2-3 d,compared to that of susceptible individuals whose PCA decrease dramatically and no increase observed. Therefore,PCA=10(INR=5.0) might be a threshold in determining "responders" to discriminate the resistant and susceptible rodent administrated by 4.0 mg/kg bromadiolone. Conclusion BCR might be applicable method to monitor the resistance against anticoagulant rodenticides of commensal rodents.

Objective To study the activity of relationship between esterase,acetylcholinesterase and the resistance to propoxur in the larva of Culex pipiens pallens. Methods WHO bioassay and spectrophotometric method were used. Results A strain from field selected using propoxur in lab for generations with 12.07-fold resistance ratio was abtained,which the parent was 4.77-fold. The difference of esterase activity between sensitive and resistant strain was not significant. Otherwise,the acetylcholinesterase activity between two strains existed significant difference at high concentration (100×10 ^-6,10×10 ^-6 and 1×10 ^-6) propoxur. The inhibiting rate was (93.92±0.65)%,(91.69±0.54)% and (87.03±1.14)% respectively in sensitive strain,and (89.81±0.92)%,(87.41±1.66)% and (83.84±0.36)% respectively in resistant strain. Conclusion Metabolic detoxification induced by esterase play a minor role in propoxur-resistant strain. The insensitive AChE may be the main factor in related to the propoxur resistance.

Objective To study the season variety of mosquito at Beiwan region of the lower reach of the river Erqis,Xinjiang. Methods Using human-baited bed net method to collect mosquitoes in different habitats six times a day and once every ten days from April to September. Results The density of mosquitoes in the wood out of the camp court was the highest and that in the woods in the camp court and the desert out of the camp court was lower. Aedes vexans(90.18%-96.83%) was the dominant species in all the habitats. The amount of Aedes caspius(9.78%) in the desert was more than the other two habitats. The mosquitoes came to appear in the middle ten days of April and disappeared in the first ten days of September. The active peak was from June to July for mosquitoes at Beiwan. The curves of season distribution were different in distinct habitats for different species. Conclusion The density of mosquitoes was fairly high in all the three habitats,especially in the heavy wood and grass. The harm of mosquitoes was very serious from June to July at Beiwan region.

Objective To study the season growth and decay of mosquitoes density and the species composition outdoor in Changfeng county to provide the scientific basis for preventing mosquitoes. Methods The mosquitoes were collected by 15 minutes indoor resting collection from June to October,and then classified,identified and counted. Results The peak of density of mosquito outdoor occured from July to September. Septembers was the highest. The dominant species was Culex tritaeniorhynchus,with proportion of 63.23% of the total mosquitoes,and its three peaks occurred in the lastest ten days of July and August and the middle ten days of september. Conclusion Cx.tritaeniorhynchus was the dominant species outdoor in Changfeng county. It was most notable in preventing and controlling.

Objective In this paper,the action of the antimicrobial peptide of adult housefly ( Musca domestica) against some tumor cell was investigated by Flow Cytometer(FCM). Methods The antimicrobial peptides from adult housefly was induced by Escherichia coli with a needle and was isolated and purified by grinding,centrifugalizing and chromatographing,the action of the peptide against tumor cells 109,K562,Daudi and T24 was observed by FCM. Results The present study demonstrated that the peptides could kill above four kinds of tumor cells to some extent,and M1 were all above 85%. Conclusion The antitumor action of antimicrobial peptide of adult housefly could make it possible to develop a new kinds of anti-tumor drug.

Objective To study the bite rate,epidemiological a village,named T,in Guangdong province distribution,clinical symptoms of the villagers bitten by the red imported fire ants (RIFA) and the environment of to provide evidence for disease control and prevention. Methods Using random sampling method to spot-check households in the village and interview with questionnaires to profile the epidemiological characteristics,clinical manifestations and the treatment of the T villagers bitten by the RIFA. Results During the period of January 1 to June 28,2006,among 60 households surveyed,45 households were bitten by the RIFA. The household bite rate was 75.0%. In the total of 241 people questioned,72 people had been bitten by the RIFA. The bite rate of population was 29.9%(72/241). Among those afflicted people,there was no significant difference between male and female; for villagers more than 40 years old,the bite rate was higher than 50%. In the extremely hot June,the number of villagers bitten by RIFA drastically increased. Workers at farm and/or afforesting belts were much more likely to be bitten by RIFA. The bite rates in farmers and afforesting workers were 42.3% and 28.3% respectively. The proportion of bitten feet was the highest as 65.0%,the next was the hand; The clinical manifestation were mainly including itch- pain(100%),blushes(45.8%),skin rash(78.6%),papule(54.2%),water(pus) blister(33.3%),fever rarely(1.4%) and dizziness(1.4%) and so on 98.6% patients of which were treated by themselves. The nest of RIFA scattered in the village. Conclusion The villagers bitten by RIFA is common in the village in the recent years but with less severe clinical manifestations. We should enhance the health education for the farmer and afforesting workers,and enhance to control RIFA by the scienific ways.

Objective To evaluate the repellence of five plants against the female adults of Culex pipiens pallens. Methods Ethanol extractions of five plants were tested for repellence against the female adults of Cx.pipiens pallens with a "Y" olfactometer. Results The results showed that the effects of 20% Mentha hapiocalyx Briq.,Acorus tatarinowii Schott.,2% M.hapiocalyx, A.tatarinowii and Canavium album Raeuseh on the behavior of mosquitoes,91.5%,86.1%,81.2%,80.4%,78.2%,respectively,were similar( P>0.05). But the repellency of 20% M.hapiocalyx against mosquitoes was significantly stronger than any concentration of Xanthium sibiricum Patrin. or Schizonepeta tenuifolia (Benth.) Briq.( P<0.05). Conclusion The mint is a popular herb in China and shows greater potential to the control of mosquitoes.

Objective To study the effect of Lycopodium clavatum L. Alkaloid on acetylcholinesterase(AChE) activity of Aedes togoi larvae. Methods Microplate test was used to detect activity of AChE in A.togoi larvae disposed at different dose alkaloid. Results In the groups disposed at low doses alkaloid of 0.625,1.25,2.50,5,10 mg/L,the activities of larvae AChE was in creased during 4 h,the absorbency values were 0.3714,0.3839,0.3752,0.3750,0.3882 respectively. but with the prolong of disposing time to 6 h,except the group at 0.625 mg/L,they decreased to a low point,the absorbency values were 0.3567,0.3176,0.2890,0.3020,respectively. And then,the activity of AChE raised gradually. High dose alkaloid (20 mg/L) depressed the activity of AChE in 6 h of disposing time and the absorbency values got to the lowest 0.3158 at 6 h,but with disposing time prolong,the activity of AChE raised gradually too. Conclusion L.clavatum L. alkaloid can restrain the activity of AChE in A.togoi larvae. The dose and disposing time should be taken in if the alkaloid is applied to control moisqutoes.

Objective To test the susceptibility of Reticulitermes flaviceps and Coptotermes formosanus workers to ivermectin so as to provide basic information for termite control using ivermectin. Methods The workers of R.flaviceps and C.formosanus were exposed to soil or fed with filter papers treated with ivermectin,and then the dead was recorded every 24 hours. Results The sandy soil treated with ivermectin solution had high toxicity against the C.formosanus and R.flaviceps. The time from exposure to death and the mortality were positively related to the concentration of ivermectin solution and time of treatments. The mortalities of C.formosanus and R.flaviceps were 90.00% and 100%,respectively,at the 10th days after exposuring to sandy soil at 0.006 25 mg/L of ivermectin solution,while 100% and 100%,respectively,for 24 hours exposure to sandy soil at 0.1 mg/L of ivermectin solution. Compared to R.flaviceps, C.formosanus had higher susceptibility to ivermectin. Conclusion Ivermectin has stronger toxic capacity on the workers of R.flaviceps and C.formosanus. These suggest ivermectin could be used for termite control.

Objective To investigate and estimate the distribution of the ticks in Jinhua,Zhejiang province to find out the reason of the suspected Ehrlichiosis happened in this area. Methods Investigate species and Observe amount peaks of the ticks parasitizing on domestic and wild animals caught from mountain areas and sold in the farm produces fair in the edge of Jinhua in which a suspected case had been found on 10,20 and 30 of each month in 2005. Results The results indicated that total 6 genus,6 species of ticks were found on these animals. Of them,rabbit tick Ixodes sinensis showed the double amount peaks in the year,one peak appeared from February to April and the other from October to December; Amblyomma testudinarium appeared later and also showed the double peaks,one peak from March to May and the other from August to October; Haemaphysalis longicornis only appeared in hot summer from June to September. Conclusion Amblyomma testudinarium which had been found infected with human Granulocytic Ehrlichiae in previous investigation,was found in this investigation. And it together with I. sinensis,seems to be dominant tick species in this area,risk of tick borne diseases such as Lyme diseases and Ehrlichiosis should be paid attention to.

Objective To monitor rodents and vector fleas in Three Gorges,to find plague earlier and take prevention and control measures immediately. Methods Use clamp-trap method to monitor rodent density in residential areas and out of side. Use cage-trap method to capture live rodents to extract serum for detecting F1 antibody. Hocus the living rodents and collect their parasitical fleas. Results 87 327 clamps were placed in 2005,of which 84 146 clamps were valid,1278 rodents were obtained,the total rodents density was 1.52%,and the density in room was 1.67%,which was higher than that of outside (1.41%). The dection of all serum for F1 antibody was negative. 326 of 4114 rodents were found infecting with flea. Total 853 fleas were collected,which needed further identification. The rate of rodents with fleas was 7.92%,total index of flea was 0.207. Conclusion There has been no plague in Three Gorges in Chongqing area.

Objective To investigate Acaroid mites breeding in storage circumstance. Methods Each sample was sieved and detected acaroid mites with the methods of microscopic examination and Tullgren to extract mites. Results 26 species of acaroid mites were identified from 60 kinds of stored materials,which belonged to 19 genera,7 families,including Acarus, Tyrophagus, Tyrolichus, Mycetoglyphus, Aleuroglyphus, Caloglyphus, Thyreophagus, Suidasia, Rhizoglyphus, Lardoglyphus, Glytcyphagus, Lepidoglyphus, Austroglycyphagus, Blomia, Chortoglyphus, Carpoglyphus, Histiostoma, Euroglyphus and Dermatophagoides. The total breeding rate of 600 samples was 83.2%. The density was significantly different. In the samples in which acaroid mites were detected the breeding density ranged from 2.7 NO.·g ^-1to 326.3 NO.·g ^-1. Conclusion Acaroid mites breeding in the stored materials belong to Acardida. More attention should be paid to acaroid mites breeding in storage circumstance.

Objective To analysis the epidemic characteristic of rabies in Hebei province in recent years and explore strategy for prevention and control of rabies. Methods The epidemic data of rabies in Hebei province from 2001 to 2005 was analyzed by the epidemiological method. Results In recent years,the epidemic situation of rabies in Hebei province showed an ascending tendency. The serious epidemic areas located in Cangzhou,Baoding and Zhangjiakou,in which the cases were 78.57% of all the cases; in all cases,men were more than women,and the most cases were peasants; the cases can found in each month,but most in the end of spring,summer and autumn. Conclusion For effective control of rabies in Hebei province,the integrated measures of prevention and control should be carried out basedon related departments; developing widespread public and education for the crowd; training related medical staff on the knowledge of emergent disposition for injury by dogs and application of rabies vaccine or anti-rabies virus serum (human immune globulin).

Objective To understand and analyze malaria situation in Yongcheng city of Henan province during 2003-2005 and provide evidence for malaria control and prevention. Methods Data on malaria epidemic situation,vector surveillance,blood examination of fever cases and serological surveillance on students were collected and analyzed. Results 890 malaria cases were reported and average incidence of malaria was 2.17 per ten thousand in Yongcheng city during 2003-2005. The number of reported malaria cases in 2004 and 2005 were 13.00 and 3.23 times of that of the previous year,respectively. The number of malaria cases reported from 10 townships in eastern part of the city accounted for 80.22% of the total cases. Most of malaria cases were students and farmers. Positive rate was 5.82% in blood examination of fever patients and 15.31% in IFA of students,respectively. 154 Anopheles sinensis were captured and no An.anthropophagus was found in vector surveillance in 2005. Conclusion Dramatic re-emergence of malaria was observed in Yongcheng city. Various control measures of malaria should be strengthen and rising trend of malaria epidemic situation should be timely suppressed.

Objective To identify the genotype of hantavirus(HV) carried by the rodents in Hohhot. Methods The partial S and M segment were amplified from the HV antigen positive rodents lungs detected by indirect immunofluorescence assay with nested RT-PCR with genotype-specific primers,and then were sequenced and compared with other known hantaviruses. Results 69 partial S and M segment were amplified from 33 HV antigen-positive rodents lungs,32 of which from Rattus norvegicus and 1 from Mus musculus. The genotype of hantavirus carried by them is seoul virus(SEOV),and the sub-genotype is SEOV-1 by homology and phylogenesis analysis. Conclusion The genotype of hantavirus carried by rat in Hohhot is SEOV and is consistent with epidemiology typing.