Objective Evaluation the resistance of Rattus norvegicus against warfarin and bromadiolone and comparison the two testing methods,blood clotting response(BCR) and feeding.Methods The resistance of R.norvegicus against warfarin and bromadiolone was tested with BCR and feeding method.Results The 50% effective dosees(ED ₅₀) of warfarin for R.norvigicus Beijing suburb population were(3.849 mg/kg) and(4.727 mg/kg) for male and female respectively.As for bromadiolone,ED 50 values were(0.516 mg/kg) and(0.689 mg/kg) for male and female.According to the baseline of susceptible R.norvegicus approved by ARRPC,the resistance of the population was(2.219-2.549) fold for warfarin and(1.098-1.129) for bromadiolone.Conclusion Compared with feeding test approved by WHO in 1980s,BCR methods obtained similar results and appeared to be a reliable and applic20050822able method in monitor anticoagulant resistance of commensal rodent.

Objective To study the antifertility function of sasanqua saponin sterilant against rodents.Methods The spermicidal effect in vitro and the antifertility ability in vivo on male mice of the sasanqua saponin sterilant in different concentration were mensurated.Results The spermicidal effect in vitro on male mice of the sasanqua saponin sterilant was provided with excellent positive relation in dosage-effect.The minimum spermicidal concentration being(0.05 mg/ml) in(3 min) of the sasanqua saponin sterilant was corresponded with nonoxynol spermicide and was lower than mandelic acid((0.1 mg/ml)) and citric acid((0.25 mg/ml)).Compared with the control group,after ig(125 mg/(kg·d)) sasanqua saponin sterilant for 4 weeks,(92.1%) alive sperm and(52.6%) sperm motility on male mice could be obviously reduced,and(64.0%) gravidity rate and(67.4%) alive embryo on female mice could be significantly decreased.Conclusion The sasanqua saponin sterilant was provided with obvious spermicidal effect in vitro and antifertility function in vivo.The sasanqua saponin spermicide or prophylactic and the antifertility medicament against rodents with entironment amity should be exploited in future.

Objective To provide basic information for the study of oriental rat(flea's)(Xenopsylla cheopis) development,ecological habit,mechanism of disease transmission,physiology and toxicology,and insecticide exploitation et al.,the sex ratio and adult eclosion activity of(X.cheopis) were studied in laboratory population.Methods The larva and adult rat flea were reared with artificial diet and white mouse respectively.The process of larva pupation and adult emergence were recorded,and the sex ratio was calculated during the flea development. Results The average eclosion ratio was((78.7±)(7.5))%,and the sex ratio was(♀∶♂=)(1.55∶1).Female adult was account for((96.2±)(3.5))%,((61.0±)(6.4))% and((10.0±)(8.7))% for the 1st-5th,6th-17th and 18th-20th eclosion days respectively.The adult emergence peak was from the 6th to 17th days,and there were((82.3±)(2.1))% pupae turned in adults at this time.Conclusion The result shows(X.cheopis) has a relative higher eclosion ratio.In laboratory population of X.cheopis the female adult is more than the male.

Objective To study the toxicity of chlorpyrifos,phoxim and dichlorvos to Xenospylly cheopis in laboratory.Methods The residual smearing method was used.Results (1) The LC ₅₀ of chlorpyrifos phoxim and dichlorvos to X.cheopis were 5.961 5 mg/L,6.787 3 mg/L and 7.834 3 mg/L,respectively.(2) At the concentration of 100 and 200 mg/L,the KT ₅₀ values of dichlorvos were(9.0 min) and(4.2) min and after treated for 24 hours both death rates were 100%,the KT ₅₀ values of phoxim were 44.5 min and 23.6 min,the 24 hours death rates were 98.7% and 97.8%,while the death rates for chlorpyrifos tyeated 24 hours were 98.9% and 100%.(3) When at the concentration of 100 and 200 mg/L,after 18 min the knock down rates of dichlorvos were 94.5% and 100%,17 min treated the knock down rates of phoxim were 24.4% and 41.1%.(4) At the concentration of 50,100 and 200 mg/L,the 24 hours death rates for 30 days residue effect of phoxim were 0,but for dichlorvos were 0,16.7% and 31.0%.For chlorpyrifos at the concentration of 400,800 and 1 600 mg/L,after 24 hours the death rates for 210 days were 55.2%,75.0% and 96.4%.Conclusion The quick toxitocy of the three insecticides to X.cheopis is dichlorvos>phoxim>chlorpyrifos.The residue effects are low.

Objective To investigate the inducement of the antibactarial materal from the Musca domestica larvae to the A ₃₇₅ apoptosis to explore it is antitumor mechanism.Methods The effects of the antibactarial materal from the(M.domestica) larvae on the cell cycle and apoptosis of A ₃₇₅ were measured by flow cytometry.The morphology of apoptosis cells was observed with the hematoxylin-eosin stainings,and the apoptosis index(AI) was measured.Results Of the A ₃₇₅ cell cycle,percentage of G ₂/M was increased,and the percentage of S was decreased in the group treated by 0.10% the antibactarial material.The percentage of G ₀/G ₁,G ₂/M and AI/PI were much increased,both the percentage of S and PI were much decreased in the(0.50%) group.In the 2.50% groups,the percentage of S,PI,AI/PI and apoptosis were significantly increased,the percentage of G ₀/G ₁ was much decreased.At the 12.50% group,the percentage of G ₂/M,PI,AI/PI and apoptosis were significantly increased,the percentage of G ₀/G ₁ and S were much decreased.Conclusion The antibactarial materal of the M.domestica larvae could inhibited and killed the A ₃₇₅ cell.The growth of A ₃₇₅ may be inhibited by the antibactarial materal blocking cell cycle and inducing the apoptosis of cell.

Ophyra aenescens(Wiedemann,1830),which distributed in Palaearctic,Nearctic,Australia and Neotropic Regions,but not known to China before,was recently found in Shanghai,China.It was also intercepted from waste paper in a cargo from America and Australia.The present paper deals with the diagnostics,biology,distribution and others of the species.And the problem of intrusion of vector of medical importance is discussed.

Objective To study the fauna of Sarcophagidae(Diptera) in Shanxi province of China.Methods Using entomogical classification principle and method.Results There are 98 species,38 genera,3 subfamily of the Family Sarcophagidae in Shanxi province.General situation,catalogue and distribution are provided,and characters of the fauna are discussed.Conclusion The species of Sarcophagidae in Shanxi province make up 36.3% of Sarcophagidae known in China,also 3.9% of those in the world.There are 98.0% of the total belonging to Palaearctic,which means in Shanxi province,most species have a Palaearctic distribution.

Objective To explore a standard method of integrated evaluation on the levels of medical-vector capture in entry-exit inspection and quarantine system.Methods The fundamental technique of order preference by similarity to ideal solution(TOPSIS) method was applied.Seven indexes including total vectors,messages and so on were treated by Grey methods and the optimal or tenth-rate projects were also defined.All objects were synthetically ranked by their distances to the optimal project.Results The ranks of the six objects as followed: Dept.A>Dept.B>Dept.E>Dept.C>Dept.D>Dept.F according to the integrated evaluation on the seven indexes.Conclusion TOPSIS method has the properties of veracity and practicability in the integrated evaluation on the levels of medical-vector capture in entry-exit inspection and quarantine system.And it is also a scientific and objective evaluating method.

Objective Synthesize Aedes aegypti larvae gut cDNA for library construction.Methods Feed Ae.aegypti,collect larvae gut,isolate RNA and mRNA,synthesize cDNA.Results 6 μg larvae gut cDNA of Ae.aegypti were successfully synthesized,A260/A ₂₈₀ is 1.95,DNA fragment size is larger than 400 bp.Conclusion Ae.aegypti larvae gut cDNA was synthesized in good quality with FastTrack Kit and Copy Kit of Invitrogen Life technologies.This may be a good foundation for Ae.aegypti larvae gut cDNA library construction.

Objective To investigate the resistance of Japanese encephalitis vector mosquitoes( Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Culex pipiens pallens) to four insecticides and know their insecticides resistance in Jiangsu province.Methods Distinguishing dosage method was used.Results ( C.tritaeniorhynchus) developed high resistance to DDVP,while susceptibility to cypermethrin,in Zhenjiang,Nanjing and Huai'an; C.pipiens pallens developed moderate resistance to DDVP,and susceptibility to cypermethrin,in Zhenjiang and Suzhou,while moderate resistance to cypermethrin in Lianyungang.There was a great difference of resistance to some insecticides such as permethrin for two kinds of vector mosquitoes in the same area.Conclusion The vector mosquitoes have developed obvious resistance to some insecticides,which were used for a long time.Cypermethrin could be applied for the control of Japanese encephalitis vector mosquitoes in these areas.

Objective By studying the biochemistry indexs in Blattella germanica resistant monitoring,to know the resistance of B.germanica.Methods Field populations of B.germanica were captured from Jinan,Qingdao and Dongying.Beta cypermethrin at different concentration was sprayed based on the method of GB 13917.1,13917.8-92 for insecticide registered testing indoor effect.The enzymes activities were tested using kits.Results There were significant differant activities of AChE,SOD and GPx compared with cypermethrin treated population and susceptible strain,while the activities of Na-K-ATP _ase and Ca-ATP _ase weren't significantly different between them.Conclusion The activities of AChE,SOD and GPx may be effective indexes of resistant monitoring to beta-cypermethrin and Na-K-ATP _ase and Ca-ATP _ase activities can only be reference indexes.

Objective To study formulations of Bacillus thuringensis for high effectiveness and long lasting control against larvae of mosquitoes.Methods To test different formulations with B.thuringensis,sawdust,glutinous and disperse materials were used as insecticide carrier on mosquito larvae control.The influence of formulations on non-target aquatic living things and animals were investigated in both lab and field.Results Persistence effectiveness was 1216 days with the floating granular of B.thuringensis isrelensis 187 strain against Anopheles sinensis in rice field and 12 and 17 days with the briquette formula against Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and Aedes spieces lavae in small water collector.The persistence effective periods for B.sphaericus floating granular and briquette formula on C.pipiens quinquefasciatus were 19 and 94 days respectively.Conclusion To consider breeding sites in using formulations can control mosquitoe effectively,mosquito densities can reduced by 70%-100%.

Objective To determine the contact toxicity of cyfluthrin on the workers of Coptotermes formosanus.Methods The workers of C.formosanus were contacted with the filter paper or sandy soil treated with cyfluthrin and their mortality was evaluated every 24 hours.Results Toxicity of cyfluthrin on the workers of C.formosanus was related with the time of treatment and the concentration of treatment.The mortality of workers continuously exposed to the filter paper treated by 25 mg/L cyfluthrin solution was 100% at 8 days after treatment,and the mortality of workers exposed 30 minutes to the filter paper treated by 800 mg/L cyfluthrin solution was 100% at 3 days after treatment.However,if the workers of C.formosanus were contacted with sandy soil treated with 20 mg/L cyfluthrin solution,the mortality would reach 100% at 6 days after exposure.Conclusion 5.7% cyfluthrin EC could be used for termite control.

Objective To study the effective duration of niclosamide in water and soil.Methods The effective duration of niclosamide in water and soil were measured by the snail immersion method and bioassay.Results When the concentration of the solution is 1 or 2 mg/L in water,the niclosamide had no effect on killing snail in water after 7 days,and no toxic to fish or mussle.There was no statistical difference between those and the control(untreated water)(( χ ²=0.17),( χ ²=1.33,( P>0.05).Niclosamide in soil was still be fully effective after 15 days.Conclusion Niclosamide is easy to dissolve in water.Niclosamide is hard to dissolve in soil.Niclosamide will be still effective in 15 days.

Objective To investigate species distribution and species composition on horseflies in 4 cities and counties of frontiers between Korea and Jilin province in China.Methods Using ox-trap method to collect hourseflies.Results 39 species of 5 genera of family Tabanidae have been recorded from 4 cities and counties of frontiers between Korea and Jilin province in China.The number of species in Hunchun,Tumen,Antu,Dunhua is showed as following: 31,27,24,28.The percentage of Hybomitra brevis, Atylous miser, H.stigmoptera of 39 species of collected horseflies is 20.5%,15.6%,14.1%,respectively.During active seasons,there was one peak for H.stigmoptera(in the middle ten days of June), H.brevis(in the middle ten days of June), Tananus pleskei(in the middle ten days of July), A.miser(in the middle ten days of August),and A.rusticus(in the middle ten days of August).Conclusion The predominant species were H.brevis, A.miser and H.stigmoptera in frontiers between Korea and Jilin province in China.The species composition of horseflies varied in different month.

Objective Analyses epidemiological status of rabies and searches for the control countermeasure according to the rabies cases surveillance in Guizhou province in 2004.Methods Analyse synthetically information of epidemic situation surveillance administration system and rabies cases questionnaire form.Results Totally 206 rabies cases were reported in Guizhou province in 2004 and the morbidity was(0.53/100 000).Mortality was the same as morbidity.Among them,the rabies cases of Anlong county is account for the 65.67%((44/67)) of Qianxinan prefecture.Though there were rabies cases in the whole year,the peak was March and from July to October and the rabies cases from July to October amount for 46.12%((95/206).Proportion of male and female was 2.68∶1.The most cases were farmers and students which amount to 57.28% and 27.18% respectively.The high risk age was(10-44) years and amount to 66.5%.The youngest rabies case was 2 years old and the oldest was 76 years old.Conclusion Rabies cases mostly were farmers and students in Guizhou.The high peak season of rabies cases is summer and autumn.High risk prefecture is Qianxinan,Qiannan,Qiandongnan and Anshun city.Suggestion more works should be done according to "Administrating,Immunizing and Destroying" principle.Strengthen propaganda and health education,and let people realize the importance of injecting the rabies vaccine and immunize on one's own initiative.It will decline the rabies morbidity and mortality in Guizhou province and protect the health of people.

Objective To study the epidemiological charactristics of hemorrhagic fever of renal syndrome(HFRS) in western area of Zhejiang province,and make the measures targeting HFRS prevence.Methods Animal hosts in surveillant area were investigated.The serum of the patients and rodents were collected to test by immunofluorescence assay(IFA).Analysing virus carried rate of rodents by fluorescent antibody(FA).Results 18 070 cases were reported from 1965 to 2004 in western area of Zhejiang province,and the annual incident rate is 20.71/100,000.271 patients died and the fatality rate is 1.50%.HFRS was primarily a disease of the male peasants of the youth adults occurring predominantly.Most infections happened inNovember to January next year and April to June.The serum positive rate of patients is 62.66%. Apodemus agrarius and Rattus norvegicus are the main type of species rodents.The virus carried rate of rodents is 6.33%.Conclusion We still need enhance surveillance and prevention to control the HFRS.

Objective By investigating population density and breeding characters of Dengue vectors in Fuzhou Changle International Airport to prevent and control Dengue fever.Methods The species and breeding characters of vectors were investigated in September,2004,the density of the larva was calculated by Breteau index,thousand-person index and container index.While the biting rate index was used to calculate density of the adult.Results Aedes albopictus was the dominant species,the Airport waiting hall has 0.00 of thousand-person index and container index.In other airport regions such as the aviation repair plant,food-plant,the dormitories region,the restaurant,the goods-station Breteau index were 0.00,7.55,4.11,33.33,25.81 respectively,the Dahe village closest to the airport was 67.92.There were five kinds small container being main breeding place of Aedes albopictus,such as a large number old jars and crocks in Airport as well as in the village.The biting rate for Aedes albopictus/ were 0.33 and 6.22/h.m in the aviation food-plant and the Dahe village.Conclusion The density of Aedes albopictus in the Dahe village nearby airport was higher than other surveillant regions.It is important to administ the envionment near the airport to control the Dengue fever.

Objective To establish plaque assay for the quantitative detection of West Nile virus(WNV). Methods Vero cell was selected to be infected with WNV. Approximately 24 h before beginning the titration protocol,Vero cells were plated in 6-well plates to form an even monolayer. Virus in specimens was serially diluted and added to each well to infect the cells. The plates were covered with agarose overlay medium and incubated in an incubator. The plates were stained by a solution of Neutral red,and the number of plaques was counted. Results The plaques appeared as clear circles( 1-3 mm) against a red or pink background. The quantity of virus in infected mouse brain tissues was 107 pfu. Conclusion The plaque assay is confirmed as an efficient and rapid protocol of quantitatively detecting WNV in experimentally infected mosquitoes and Leghorn chicken.

Objective To study the natural infection of spotted fever group rickettsia (SFGR) in rodents,and to compare the difference of the positive rates between different species of the southern and northern areas in China. Methods Rodents were collected in Heilongjiang,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,Xinjiang Autonomous Region,Zhejiang and Guizhou provinces. SFGR DNA sequence fragments in spleen of rodents was detected by PCR assay. Results The total number of 473 rodents were collected and detected,the positive rate was 14.6%. The positive samples came from Heilongjiang,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,Xinjiang Autonomous Region,Zhejiang and Guizhou provinces,with the infection rates of 3.1%,21.6%,30.0%,10.8%,21.4%,respectively. Conclusion There are SFGR infections in the rodents of Heilongjiang,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,Xinjiang Autonomous Region,Zhejiang and Guizhou province in China. The difference of the infections rates of both northern and southern areas are not significant( P> 0.05).